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A major, surprising new history of New York's most famous political machine - Tammany Hall - revealing, beyond the vice and corruption, a birthplace of progressive urban politics.
For decades, history has considered Tammany Hall, New York's famous political machine, shorthand for the worst of urban politics: graft, crime, and patronage personified by notoriously corrupt characters. Infamous crooks like William "Boss" Tweed dominate traditional histories of Tammany, distorting our understanding of a critical chapter of American political history.
In Machine Made, historian and New York City journalist Terry Golway convincingly dismantles these stereotypes; Tammany's corruption was real, but so was its heretofore forgotten role in protecting marginalized and maligned immigrants in desperate need of a political voice. Irish immigrants arriving in New York during the 19th century faced an unrelenting onslaught of hyperbolic, nativist propaganda. They were voiceless in a city that proved, time and again, that real power remained in the hands of the mercantile elite, not with a crush of ragged newcomers flooding its streets. Haunted by fresh memories of the horrific Irish potato famine in the old country, Irish immigrants had already learned an indelible lesson about the dire consequences of political helplessness. Tammany Hall emerged as a distinct force to support the city's Catholic newcomers, courting their votes while acting as a powerful intermediary between them and the Anglo-Saxon Protestant ruling class.
In a city that had yet to develop the social services we now expect, Tammany often functioned as a rudimentary public welfare system and a champion of crucial social reforms benefiting its constituency, including workers' compensation, prohibitions against child labor, and public pensions for widows with children. Tammany figures also fought against attempts to limit immigration and to strip the poor of the only power they had - the vote.
- Sales Rank: #67380 in Audible
- Published on: 2015-01-07
- Format: Unabridged
- Original language: English
- Running time: 788 minutes
Most helpful customer reviews
14 of 17 people found the following review helpful.
Immigration...
By NYFB
Between 1845 to 1855, out of 8 million Irish, 2 million left Ireland during famine. Majority of those Irish immigrants who migrated to US did not speak English and were not treated with respect back in Ireland either. Tammany embraced these immigrants while the opposition party considered them not worthy of US Citizenship. What democrats did then with success is the same as what they have been attempting to do in regard to immigration at the current times without any success, offering recognition to immigrants in hope of votes. This is a great book if you like politics since you get to experience politics and corruption among many other activities in a much bigger scale with few shady characters. There are other writings about Tammany as well but regardless Tammany was a big era of US politics and entertaining to read about even after some 150 years later only if presented well which this writer has done successfully.
8 of 10 people found the following review helpful.
A different perspective on Tammany Hall.
By SInohey
"The benefits that Tammany Hall brought to New York and to the United States outweigh the corruption with which it is associated.", according to Terry Golay who gives a more sympathetic view of the political machine of the Democratic Party in New York.
The book explains the origins of the organization in the late eighteenth century, "The Society of Saint Tammany" by Aaron Burr et al. and how it evolved into the controlling cabal of New York city politics for over a century. It was supposedly named after Chief Tamanend, William Penn's friend. He was suggested as a candidate for sainthood for his efforts to promote peace and friendship between the settlers and the natives, and is often referred to as the "Patron Saint of America"; but he was never beatified/canonized by the Catholic Church.
Tammany Hall was ruled by a succession of opportunistic, self-serving corrupt politicians such as the legendary William "Boss"Tweed (1823 -1878) who sold city contracts and patronage jobs and "enormous rents the city was paying for facilities linked to Tweed and his friends -- including a portion to Tammany Hall." and extracted a 15% "overcharge/tax" from businessmen plying their trade. The Times gave details of corruption "which even Tweed's harshest critics could not have imagined."
He was estimated to have amassed $25 to 45 million by the time of his arrest, now believed to be almost $200 millions. He died in prison at age 55 years.
Richard Croker, Sr (1843-1922) was born in Ireland and came to New York as a child. An ambitious hard working lad, he got himself an education and a city job. Eventually Croker became part of Tammany Hall and ended up running the "Machine" for several years. He built a fortune from the regular bribes he extracted from the vice industry; brothels, gambling houses, opium dens and saloons. Croker successfully blunted C.H.Parkhurst's assaults on the "Machine" corruption and was instrumental in Van Wyck's election.
Robert Anderson Van Wyck, (1849 -1918), a member of Tammany Hall, was the first mayor of New York City after the consolidation of the five boroughs into the City of Greater New York in 1898. In 1900, he was caught in the "Ice Trust scandal" and run out of office. He fled to Paris, where he died in 1918.
George Washington Plunkitt(1842-1924) a member of the Tammany Hall machine, served in both Houses of the State Legislature and became wealthy by practicing what he called "honest graft" in politics - what today is known as "machine politics," patronage-based and frank in its exercise of power for personal gain. According to Plunkitt, "the difference between dishonest and honest graft: for dishonest graft one worked solely for one's own interests, while for honest graft one pursued the interests of one's party, one's state, and one's personal interests all together." Plunkitt added, "it's the promise of a job that turned ordinary citizens into patriots."
The mass migration to the USA of the Irish - fleeing the disastrous calamity of the "Potato Famine" in the mid 19th century - followed by other ethnic groups, proved to be a gift to politicos of the time.
The main opposition Whig Party "considered these immigrants as aliens and interlopers, because as Catholics they could never understand the Anglo-Protestant idea of liberty". Protestant charity organizations equated poverty with character deficits; drunkenness, larceny, laziness and slovenliness etc. and "the poor who applied for aid were subjected to investigation to determine whether they were morally fit." The Democrats were quick to seize on the opportunity to support these destitute, unskilled and uneducated immigrants who they hoped would become voters favoring the Democrats. And it worked!
The local print media's message was against it; it was anti-Tammany, anti-Catholic and anti-immigrant. "But the accusations of political and moral corruption," Golway writes, "were often linked to a profound bigotry rooted in a trans-Atlantic, Anglo-Protestant analysis of Irish character defects, not least of them being their stubborn adhesion to the venal institution known as the Roman Catholic Church."
Poor Italian, Jewish and East European immigrants were also viewed with suspicious disdain. Andrew White, president of Cornell University, represented the prevailing sentiment of the time, "The problem with New York is that it is being ruled by peasants who were freshly raked from the Irish bogs and from Italian robber nests and Bohemian coal mines ...". Bigotry was also displayed in famed Thomas Nast's cartoons "that depicted the Irish as apes, as ignorant, drunken violent thugs" or being crushed underfoot by Columbia with the caption "Bravo", to commemorate the killing of 26 Irish Catholics by the National Guard, during a demonstration. Nasts' defamatory caricatures helped destroy "Boss" Tweed's political career.
If Tweed, Croker and Van Wyck are monuments of Tammany Hall's corruption, Golway counters with,"Tammany Hall supported the writing of a new social contract in New York, one that served as a model for a more aggressive role for government in 20th-century American society." The Bosses of Tammany Hall were also social reformers, improving working conditions, and providing jobs for the poor. The Triangle Shirtwaist Fire was the impetus to enact and enforce their progressive laws.
Men like Alfred "Al" Smith (four times governor of New York State and candidate for President) Tom Foley, Charles Francis Murphy, Senators Robert F. Wagner and Herbert Lehman were at the forefront of the progressive movement and the genesis of Roosevelt's New Deal.
Golway extolls "Silent Charlie" Murphy's role in transforming New York politics, as a progressive social catalyst, his support for reformers Al Smith and Robert Wagner, and redeeming Tammany Hall (which he ran from 1902 until 1924), image and reputation after the Triangle Shirtwaist factory disaster in Greenwich village in 1911.
Golway has given a fair assessment of Tammany Hall. He lays out its widely known reputation of greed, avaricious corruption and political machinations but also emphasizes its role in charity, support for the disenfranchised and poor of New York City and its germinal role in national progressive social reforms.
By the end of the book I was left with the notion that the venal corruption, kleptocracy and rapacity of the denizens of Tammany Hall was balanced by their provision of support to the poor and needy; the Robin Hood principle?
I believe that, same as now, they were simply buying votes.
9 of 12 people found the following review helpful.
A great book: as much about Tammany, as about America and New York
By Alastair MacAndrew
I have just finished Reading this very interesting book, and congratulate T. Golway for producing a highly readable and well-documented history , and also helping clear up the origins and evolution of an institution looked down upon by many. Having landed as an Irish immigrant myself in New York in the 70s, I identified with the characters portrayed in the book and it gave me great insight into the history of my forefather's journey to that great city in the previous century. New York has always been special for the irish; as former president McAleese said: "it was the next parish".
Golway describes only too well what it meant to be a second-class citizen in the Anglo-Protestant world from which these immigrants came, and how that experience contributed to their desire to exercise to the full in their new home, the rights which they had been denied in their native land, above all that of political power. This was even more so as they confronted the same anti-Catholic Anglo-Protestant bigotry in the New York to which they arrived. ( The author describes this last aspect very well, and above all, the very Calvinist view these NY elders had of poverty, its causes and remedies ) Golway points out the manner in which these impoverished immigrants took over the Society of St Tammany and the seat of the Democratic Party in Manhattan, and the breadth and depth of political structure and organization they set up, in the days before mass media, polling,TV debates and the like. No other i group achieved anything close to it, and Malcom X, in the days before the Civil Rights legislation, lamented that if only the black people had something like Tammany, their story in America would have been very different. The author acknowledges the corruption and patronage which accompanied this, especially during the leadership of Wm. Tweed. Another historian mentions that during his reign about 300 million dlls was "misappropriated", or 3.7 billion in current terms. Although this was an essential part of the machine.style politics of that era, and especially of Tammany, Golway goes on to show that it was balanced by the organization's huge informal network of care for the needy and jobless and later on, its contribution to effectively implementing, through its control of the state Assembly, and city government, the first laws in the US for social security, worker safety, and social welfate. These served, according to Golway, as precursors of the New Deal legislation, enacted later by President Roosevelt, himself supported and to an extent, inspired, during most of his career by Tammany. The author documents well the gradual evolution of Tammany during the first three decades of the last century to become more inclusive ( incorporating East European Jews ) and, under the leadership of Charles Murphy, to promote the social causes mentioned. He quotes Senator Robert Wagner as saying that Tammany had been the founder of modern liberallism in the US, and this seems to be the basic thesis of the whole book.
The last chapters trace the final years of the organization and attributes its demise to changing demographics and Tammany's incapacity to incorp�rate new ideas and approaches more in line with evolving trends in the thirties and forties. Forello La Guardia was instrumental in pushing Tammany and its methods aside, but the previous factors and poor leadership precipitated its eventual downfall. ( It is interesting to observe that, according to many, the expansi�n and reform of the city undertaken by Tammany's nemesis, La Guardia, probably led to its bankruptcy in 1975 ).
This is a book about a powerful political organization which, while fundamentally flawed, achieved a lot for its constituents and made a significant contribution to modern American politics, and which deserves a better place than history has given it. But I also found it to be a book about a great country, and above all, a great city: New York. The late English art historian Sir Kenneth Clark described New York as "heroic", not only because of its dizzying verticality, but perhaps also its sheer capacity to take on practically anything the world can throw at it: from millions of downtrodden immigrants with nowhere to go, to the greediest industrialists and financiers ( with which most identify it ), a pot-pourri of nationalities and even the most eccentric of politicians, not only the ones from Tammany.
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